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Dropping Dry Jan?

Half of American drinkers will forgo Dry January in 2021, reveals survey

Based on a survey of 3,000 respondents. National Rehabs Directory — by American Addiction Centers

The post Dropping Dry Jan? appeared first on Drug Rehab Options.

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ASU psychology student aims to change the conversation about addiction

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October 19, 2022

What is the structure of the Earth? To begin with, it consists of several layers: the crust, the upper and lower mantle, and the core.

The mantle makes up most of the volume of our planet: 84%. The lower mantle represents 55% of the Earth’s volume; it is also hotter and denser than the upper mantle.

Atomic-scale crystal structures of mantle perovskites. From left to right: Bridgmanite (magnesium-rich), new mantle perovskite with magnesium and calcium, Davemaoite (calcium-rich). Credit: Crystal structure images courtesy of Dan Shim; background image courtesy iStock/Getty Images.
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The lower mantle has played an important role in Earth’s evolution, including how Earth has cooled over billions of years, how materials have circulated, and how water is stored and transported from from and into the deep interior on a geologic time scale.

For more than seven decades, the mineralogy of the lower mantle has been extensively studied. Decades of study, including laboratory experiments, computational simulations, and the study of inclusions in deep diamonds, led to the conclusion that the lower mantle consists of three main minerals: bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and davemaoite.

In a study recently published in Nature, a team of scientists, including Byeongkwan Ko, a former PhD student at Arizona State University and now a postdoctoral researcher at Michigan State University, and Dan (Sang-Heon) Shim, a professor of the School of the Earth and the ASU. Space Exploration and a Navrotsky Professor of Materials Research at ASU, have completed a new high-pressure experiment that employs different styles of heating to reveal an additional mineral that resides in the lower mantle.

Among these three main minerals, two minerals—bridgmanite and davemaoite—have the so-called perovskite-type crystal structures. This structure is also widely known in physics, chemistry and materials engineering, as some materials with a perovskite-type structure have shown superconductivity.

At shallow depth, minerals with similar crystal structures often fuse and become single minerals, usually in a high-temperature environment. For example, the mineral diopside has calcium and magnesium, and is stable in the crust. Despite the structural similarity, however, existing studies have shown that calcium-rich davemaoite and magnesium-rich bridgmanite remain separate throughout the lower mantle.

“Why don’t davemaoite and bridgmanite fuse into one despite having very similar atomic-scale structures? This question has fascinated researchers for two decades,” Shim said. “Many attempts have been made to find conditions where these two minerals merge, but the answer from experiments has consistently been two separate minerals. Here we felt we needed some new ideas in experiments.”

The new experiment was an opportunity for the research group to test various heating techniques to compare methods. Instead of raising the temperature slowly in conventional high-pressure experiments, they raised the temperature very quickly to the high temperature associated with the lower mantle, reaching 3,000 to 3,500 degrees. Fahrenheit in a second The reason for this was that once two perovskite-structured minerals are formed, it is very difficult for them to fuse, even if they enter temperature conditions where a single perovskite mineral should be stable.

By rapidly heating the samples to target temperatures, Ko and Shim were able to prevent the formation of two perovskite-structured minerals at low temperatures. Once they reach the temperature of the lower mantle, they monitor which minerals form for 15 to 30 minutes using X-ray beams at the Advanced Photon Source. They found that only one perovskite mineral is formed, unexpected from previous experiments. They found that at sufficiently high temperatures, above 3,500 F, davemaoite and bridgmanite become a single mineral in the perovskite-type structure.

“It has been thought that a large size difference between calcium and magnesium, the main cations of davemaoite and bridgmanite, respectively, should prevent the fusion of these two minerals,” Ko said. “But our study shows that they can overcome this difference in warm environments.”

Experiments suggest that the deeper lower mantle with a sufficiently high temperature should have a different mineralogy than the shallower lower mantle. Because the mantle was much warmer on the early Earth, the group’s new results indicate that most of the lower mantle then had a single perovskite-structured mineral, meaning the mineralogy was different from today’s lower mantle.

This new observation has a number of substantial impacts on our understanding of the deep Earth. Many seismic observations have shown that the properties of the deeper lower mantle are different from those of the shallower lower mantle. The changes are reported to be gradual. The fusion of bridgmanite and davemaoite is shown to be gradual in the research group’s experiments. Also, the properties of a rock with three main minerals—bridgmanite, ferropericlase, and davemaoite—do not match well with the properties of the deeper lower mantle. Ko and his collaborators predict that these unresolved issues can be explained by a fusion of bridgmanite and davemaoite into a unique new perovskite-structured mineral.

Other authors who have collaborated in this study are Eran Greenberg, of the University of Chicago; Vitali Prakapenka, University of Chicago; E. Ercan Alp, Argonne National Laboratory; Wenli Bi, University of Alabama at Birmingham; Yue Meng, Argonne National Laboratory; Dongzhou Zhang, University of Chicago and University of Hawai’i at Mano.

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The study says that very powerful weed that creates marijuana addicts all over the world

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Higher concentrations of tetrahydrocannabinol, or THC, the part of the marijuana plant that gets you high, are causing more people to become addicted in many parts of the world, according to a new review of studies.

Compared to people who use lower-potency products (typically 5 to 10 milligrams per gram of THC), those who use higher-potency cannabis are more likely to experience addiction and mental health outcomes, according to the published study Monday in the journal Lancet Psychiatry. .

Scientists have established a “THC standard unit” of 5 milligrams of THC for research. This amount is said to produce mild intoxication for non-regular users.

“One of the highest-quality studies included in our publication found that the use of high-potency cannabis, compared to low-potency cannabis, was associated with a fourfold greater risk of addiction,” he said. said study co-author Tom Freeman, head professor of the department. of psychology and director of the Addictions and Mental Health Group at the University of Bath in the United Kingdom, in an email.

In the United States, about 3 in 10 people who use marijuana have cannabis use disorder, the medical term for marijuana addiction, according to the US Centers for Disease and Prevention.

The European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction found a 76% increase in people entering treatment for cannabis addiction over the past decade, “while the potency of cannabis continued to increase over the same period”, Freeman said.

Additionally, “a United Nations report found that in the past two decades, the proportion of people seeking treatment for cannabis addiction has increased in every region of the world except Africa,” he said .

In one gram of herbal cannabis, the dried, harvested tops of female marijuana plants that are typically smoked, THC concentrations increased by about 2.9 milligrams each year, according to a 2020 study by Freeman and his team at the University of Bath.

In cannabis resin, the sticky brown sap of the plant from which extracts and concentrates are made, THC levels increased by about 5.7 milligrams each year from 1975 to 2017, according to the study. Concentrated products can reach extremely high levels of THC.

This annual increase in power may not be clear to consumers, experts fear. While looking at a product label can tell a person the “precise potency” of THC in a store where marijuana is legally sold, “people who buy cannabis illegally may not be able to access reliable information about the power of the product they’re using.” Freeman said.

“However, certain types of cannabis tend to be more potent than others; cannabis extracts tend to be more potent than the cannabis flower,” he added.

While people try to adjust their use when the potency of their cannabis varies, “such as adding less cannabis to their joint or inhaling less deeply,” those efforts don’t completely work, Freeman said. That means “higher-potency products still deliver a higher dose of THC to consumers than lower-potency products,” he said.

As marijuana became more potent, cases of marijuana-related psychosis increased, the review found. Psychosis is a “loss of touch with reality” that can be characterized by hearing voices and having delusions, Freeman said.

“The evidence linking cannabis potency to addiction and psychosis was very clear,” he said.

Users of high-potency weed appear to have a significantly increased likelihood of developing generalized anxiety disorder than those who smoke less robust strains of marijuana, a 2020 study found.

However, the new study review It found a “more mixed” connection between marijuana’s increased potency and depression and anxiety, “meaning the impact is unclear for these other mental health outcomes,” Freeman said. .

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The Opioid Crisis: These Are the Mental Health Impacts

Watch the full educational series on the opioid crisis instantly HERE: https://bit.ly/2W2tZLG Overcoming the opioid crisis starts with understanding the mental …

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Alcohol abuse and addiction is drug addiction.

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Alcohol abuse and addiction is drug addiction. Due to the acceptance of the “social drink” in society, individuals often consider it to be an acceptable drug. When alcohol intake becomes uncontrolled, a preoccupation or compulsive drinking becomes a problem. Alcohol consumption disorder is diagnosed. Alcoholism is classically defined as more than three drinks per day or seven per week for women. For men, that’s four or more drinks a day or 14 a week. Although today, alcoholism is often seen as a drink that is recognized as out of control. People who use hard liquor, wine or beer can become alcoholics.

Some individuals are considered alcoholics even though they drink far less than the defined amounts. Some drink only on weekends, usually classified as drunks; however, there is still the worry of weekend anticipation or an uncontrollable ability to stop once started. Others are high functioning in that they maintain a job and a lifestyle that does not equate to the stereotypical alcoholic as being unable to cope with the demands of daily life. However, they are anticipating alcohol or overreacting when presented with alcohol. This can sometimes be referred to as functional alcoholism or a ‘dry drunk’, as the amount of alcohol consumed after hours stays in the body until consumption is resumed. Others keep their alcohol hidden at work or at home just to pretend they’re drinking less than they really are.

Poisoning often plays a role in brain injury or spinal cord injury from trauma or disease. Intoxication occurs in 50% of these at the time of the traumatic brain injury. Alcohol is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke. If you’ve already had an ischemic (blood clot) or hemorrhagic (bleeding in the brain) stroke, you have a significant risk of having a second stroke with alcohol consumption. It is estimated that one third of people who suffer a spinal cord injury are intoxicated at the time of the trauma. This can be from chronic alcohol abuse or a one-off binge at the wrong time.

One of the key problems in all addictions, especially alcoholism, is the lack of awareness of the situation. A person may justify drinking alcohol based on how it makes them feel. At first they may experience some euphoria, relief from problems, relaxation and disregard for worries and concerns. Although the individual is extremely aware of what they are doing, the desire to escape from the reality of life can be overwhelming. They may not be able to resolve their craving for alcohol with its effects on their body and life.

Recognizing alcoholism in a person’s life is a challenge. Human bodies react differently as they metabolize alcohol. Some individuals are less able to metabolize alcohol than others. Some do not care for the taste or effects of alcohol and refuse to drink it. Others crave the taste and effects. People with alcoholism have difficulty controlling their consumption. It can be a desire to drink or a compulsion to have another drink. They may not recognize concerns about their own behavior or how their drinking affects those around them.

Symptoms of alcohol abuse include changes in mental status, blackouts, tremors, sweating, aggression, agitation, poor judgment, self-abusive or self-destructive behavior, physical or emotional harm to others, compulsivity, guilt, loneliness, isolation, nausea and vomiting, delirium, incoordination, distortion, or tremors. You may have all, some, or only some symptoms with varying degrees of intensity.

For people with central nervous system (CNS) injuries, such as brain injury, stroke, or spinal cord injury from trauma or disease, symptoms of alcoholism can exacerbate existing problems. Mental acuity can be dulled. The inability to sweat can lead to overheating of the body temperature. If judgment is a concern, poor judgment is further enhanced. The seizure threshold is lowered. Movement is less controlled. The fall increases. The tone (spasms) may or may not decrease initially, but then increase greatly. Alcohol reduces the desire to take care of oneself. The high sugar content in alcohol increases the risk of diabetes and urinary incontinence, which increases pressure injury and infection. Bowel control decreases, causing incontinence. High calories in alcohol lead to weight gain, which makes transfers less independent. Alcohol can cause brain injury or further injury to the brain and central nervous system.

After a brain or spinal cord injury, your body is more sensitive to alcohol. As with any drug use, progress in rehabilitation is slower and outcomes are poorer for people who abuse alcohol. Stopping alcohol consumption after central nervous system trauma is recommended because it increases the risks of bodily harm from falls, poor judgment, depression, and delays or may even stop nervous system recovery.

Alcohol can interfere with medications needed after a central nervous system injury. Because alcohol and many drugs are metabolized in the liver, the competition to metabolize alcohol and drugs is confounded. These medications include antibiotics, antidepressants, antihistamines, muscle relaxants, non-narcotic pain relievers and some narcotics, anti-inflammatories, opioids, and the blood thinner warfarin, among many others.

It is very difficult to recognize alcoholism in yourself, especially if you have been abusing it for a long time. Individuals typically rationalize their consumption as they go along. Some individuals rationalize that if they only drink on weekends, in social situations, or limit themselves to wine or beer, they are not alcoholics. You should pay attention to the people who love and care for you, as well as to your health professionals if they express concern about your drinking.

If you think you may have a problem with alcohol, if it’s suggested to you, or if you want to verify that you don’t have a problem, check with your health care provider. You can also take inventory of your drink by honestly answering the questions here. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, through the US Department of Health and Human Services, has a wealth of information on a variety of alcohol and drug abuse topics.

Self-medication with alcohol does not treat underlying problems such as central nervous system injury or depression. In fact, it makes both issues worse. If you have mental health problems, seek help from your doctor. Mental health problems are chemical imbalances in the brain. They can be helped. Alcohol is not a cure and can further affect your mental health.

There are prescription medications that can be used to help you resist drinking. These include naltrexone (blocks brain receptors), acamprosate (prevents the negative feelings that encourage people to drink), and disulfiram (causes nausea and vomiting in response to alcohol consumption).

Treatment programs include Alcoholics Anonymous, Sobriety Management, and Smart Recovery. Each of these programs works differently, so see which program might work best for you.

Stay away from people who allow you to drink. This can be difficult if you have carers or rely on family support. Some people bully their carers and families into providing them with alcohol and drugs they can no longer get for themselves. This harassment by the individual is usually given in by the enablers, as the belligerence is too intolerable or they too are addicts. Family members give up because they feel sorry for the person. Injury to the central nervous system is not the end of life. You can be successful without the harm of alcohol or other drugs. Use the advice to help you and any facilitator look for opportunities to change strategies. Alcoholism is a family problem, even if only one person drinks.

Never drink and drive or ride with someone who has been drinking.

Remember that stopping an addiction is a process. It takes dedication and determination. If you make a mistake, acknowledge that fact and correct it immediately. You can be successful. Nurse Linda

Pediatric consideration:

Underage drinking is a concern. It can be a challenge for parents to keep up with children and teenagers, especially when they meet their peers. Most children do not drink alcohol, but there is the temptation of peer pressure or the thought that it will make their situation easier. The brain is still developing until about age 25. Drinking can affect this development. It can make learning difficult.

Talking about alcohol and drug use in the home is effective against abuse. Teaching children about the effects of alcohol and drugs as well as demonstrating behavior is a good lesson for everyone. Nurse Linda

Linda Schultz has been a rehabilitation nursing leader, teacher, and provider for over 30 years. In fact, Nurse Linda worked closely with Christopher Reeve in his recovery and has since championed the Reeve Foundation.

In our community, Nurse Linda is a blogger where she focuses on providing functional advice, providing the “how to” for integrating various health improvements into daily life, and answering your specific questions. Read their blogs here.

And if you want more of Nurse Linda, sign up for her monthly webinars here. Don’t worry, we’ve archived their answers so you can refer back and check out their advice. Consider it Nurse Linda on Demand!

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